Here is a page that you will find quite useful:
Chronological Order of the Qur'an - WikiIslam
Like I mentioned previously, the last chapters written are the one that you want to target. Surah At-Taubah is the one that you will probably be most interested in, as it makes the best foundation for your case with 129 verses that have a lot to say about non-believers.
A biography about him is hardly the same as the Koran - that's what I was missing. That's something being written long after he is dead, and not relevant to the discussion topic of this thread then. I haven't read the Surrah, and only some of the Hadith.
The links to the verses that speak about jihad might be of interested to you though.